A collection of 15 test functions taken from the mathematical literature on Global Optimization which can be used to validate the performance of optimization algorithms.

Differential evolution (DE) is a more recent stochastic population-based evolutionary method introduced by Storn and Price in 1996. It follows the standard evolutionary algorithm flow with some significant differences in mutation and selection process.

Many of the large systems of linear equations can be encountered in science and engineering are derived from the solution of partial differential equations. To this end, a whole range of numerical techniques have been developed in order to solve a linear system.